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In issue 309 -
When an Older Parrot Has Never Learned Skilful Flight – Complete Psittacine by Eb Cravens
In issue 309 -
Scarlet Macaws – were they really bred by indigenous people in the 12th century? Rosemary Low asks the question
In issue 309 -
Understanding the link between nutrition, hormonal behaviours and the avian endocrine system, Part 1 – The Holistic Parrot by Leslie Moran
In issue 309 -
The Yellow-eared Parrot – continues to expand its range in Colombia. By David Waugh, Correspondent, Loro Parque Fundación
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Milk thistle seeds – benefits and concerns

Spreads for web Parrots 278 4

The Holistic Parrot by Leslie Moran

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum), is a gift to those with certain ailments, and a scourge to many agriculture communities. Best known for its hepatoprotective properties (preventing and reversing liver damage) it has been the subject of numerous studies in human healthcare and the poultry industry.

Native to Western Asia, Europe and Northern Africa, this plant is an annual or biennial that can reach to six feet (two meters) tall. It belongs to the Asteraceae (daisy) family, and can also be called blessed milk thistle, spotted thistle, St Mary’s thistle, or variegated thistle. It usually grows in fertile soils of improved pastures that have been overgrazed and poorly managed. It’s found in dense plant stands along roadsides, waste areas, ditches, and fencerows. Farmlands and pastures can be invaded from roadside plants.

Several states in the USA have regulations for controlling the spread of milk thistle plants. According to the Washington state Noxious Weed Control Board, milk thistle is a regulated Class A noxious weed. It has earned this title by being an aggressive invader in areas with naturally occurring lush, rich foliage supported by rainfall. As the milk thistle spreads it can choke-out native vegetation and overtake foraging lands. It reproduces prolifically by seed with some remaining viable in the soil for up to nine years. Milk thistle naturally accumulates nitrogen from the soil. This makes it toxic to grazing animals because it can cause nitrate poisoning which can be fatal.

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